Nursing and Family Stress Theory

Critique and Analysis of Family Stress Theory Nursing theory explains the relationship between concepts to enhance understanding and knowledge about a phenomenon (Walker & Advant, 2005). Theoretical frameworks for nursing of families provide a foundation for guiding the development of family centered care and research (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). The application of theory helps to guide nursing practice, education, and research and supports the development of evidence-based nursing strategies and interventions for both the individual and the family as the client. This paper will critique and provide an analysis of the family stress theory. A brief introduction of the history and author of this theory will be provided and the major concepts and assumptions of the theory described. The rationale for selecting this theoretical model as it relates to family nursing practice will be provided and its strengths and weaknesses identified. In addition, a discussion of the application of the Family Stress Theory in current nursing research will be presented. Finally, ideas for future research needed to continue to develop this theory for its application in family nursing practice will be explored. Family Stress Theory The family stress theory was introduced by Professor Reuben Hill in the late1940s after the Great Depression (McDonald, n. d. ). McDonald (n. d) explains that Hill based his observations on families who survived the economic challenges of the Great Depression and those families who did not. Friedman, Bowden, and Jones (2003), explain that Hill based his research on the effects of separation and reunions as a result of war time on families. In both cases, the Family Stress Theory helps to explain why some families are able to adapt and survive when faced with stressors while other families encounter crisis. Hill’s Family Stress Theory has served as a framework for the development of more contemporary family stress models, such as the Resiliency Model, and as a foundation for clinical practice and crisis intervention (Friedman, Bowden, and Jones, 2003). Major Concepts Hill describes the importance of social relationships and positive perceptions which serve as buffers in protecting the family from crisis (McDonald, n. d. ). In developing the family stress theory, Hill formulated an ABCX framework which helps to define the stress, identify the family resources, explore the family’s perception of the stressor, and the crisis. The A variable is identified as the provoking stressor or event that the family encounters. Family experiences and strengths as well as family and community resources represent the B variable. This variable includes the family’s social support structure, both internal and external, which impact the magnitude of the stress on the family (McDonald, n. d. ). The family perception of the degree of stress produced by the provoking stressor or event represents the C variable. Combined, these three variables influence how a family copes, reacts, and manages the situation and determines whether or not the situation becomes a crisis, the X variable. Past experiences, adequate and available resources, time, and support all impact how a family is able to adapt and change to the situation. The application of the family stress theory helps to predict the potential for a family crisis. According to McDonald (n. d. ), â€Å"the combination of high stress with social isolation (the â€Å"B† variable) for families has been highly correlated with many forms of dysfunctional family outcomes† (para. ). Hill’s family stress theory provides a framework for a family as client focused assessment and the development of evidence-based nursing interventions that strengthen the family and promote positive outcomes. Family Stress Theory’s assumption about Family and Nursing The Family Stress theory is middle range theories developed by Hill and as th e variability of families are recognized through research, the traditional ABCX theoryevolved to different family stress theory and developed the conceptualization and the assumption of what family is about. In 1996, McCubbin and McCubbin outlined the theory’s assumption of a family in crisis (Smith & Liehr, 2008, p. 227) : Families over the course of life face hardships and changes as a natural and predictable aspect of family life. Families develop basic competencies, patterns of functioning, and capabilities to foster the growth and development of family members and the family unit, and to protect the family from major disruptions in the face of transitions and changes. Families develop basic and unique competencies, patterns of functioning, and capabilities designed to protect the family from unexpected or non-normative stressors, and strains and to foster the family’s recovery following a family crisis or major transition or change. Families draw from and contribute to the network of relationships and resources in the community, including its ethnicity and cultural heritage, particularly during periods of family stress and crises. Families faced with crisis situations demanding changes in the family’s functioning work to restore order, harmony, and balance even in the midst of change. In the Family Stress theory’s metaparadigm, nursing is responsible in assisting families in the process of adaptation by promoting the family member’s health, help to recover from illness, assist the family member to function within the specific health limitation, support and develop family’s strengths, assist in the use of community resources available, facilitate the family in appraisal of the situation and help the family decide what is best for the situation (Beckett, 2000) . The Family Stress Theory in Family Nursing Stress can affect intimate relationships in the family setting. Although stress is normal and natural in the family setting, severe stress can lead to serious family situations such as domestic violence, alcoholism, substance abuse, and even child neglect. The outcome of the family’s situation during the stressful event depends on how the family responds and thrives to the stressful situation. A stressful event can be in the form of an acute or chronic illness in the family, sudden role changes,hardships in the family life cycle, separation, and death of a family member. The use of Family Stress Theory in Family Nursing assists the nurses in exploring the family system’s behavior and response to situational stressors and transitional events. The Family Stress theory was useful in the family’s coping ability regarding the care of the child with extraordinary needs (Crawford, 2002) . A child with special needs is a stress to both parents because time is needed to develop competency in caring for such child in the family. The use of community and family resources should be offered and considered to adapt to the crisis. One literature also applied the theory in remarriage in families and suggested that â€Å"remarriage and adjustment to step family living are conceptualized as life transition in the framework of the Family Stress Theory † (Crosbie-Burnett, 1989, p. 323) . Identifying all the variables present in any stressful event and the family’s capability of adapting to the stress using all resources available will assist the nurse in developing the nursing process by making a thorough family internal and external environmental assessment, assist the family in creating a goal and planning for strategies to resolve the issue, providing the family possible interventions in managing the stressor event, improving coping abilities, and enhancing the family’s strength during the stressful event. The nurse is also responsible in following-up and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention to either continue the current management or change the coping strategy. Family Assessment In the use of qualitative and quantitative studies, families have different patterns to the response of stress. Assessing family resources, coping strategies, and processes provides the function for assisting families in adaptation and attainment of a higher level of wellness (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2003, para 3). Families engage in different management and coping strategies when dealing with stressful events. The nurse will have to assess the healthiness or dysfunctional aspects of the family. During the assessment period, the nurse set specific goals that will help the family with coping mechanisms of stress. The foundation for achieving the goals will depend on family support, financial resources and coping strategies. Families remain strong and durable even during today’s economic crisis. Despite all the economic, social and political pressures, most families can e considered to be functioning satisfactorily (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2003, para 4). The theoretical model family stress identifies two types of situations that will cause a family to enter into a crisis. Those situations are classified as developmental and situational events. Events that are identified as psychosocial growth of a family are noted as developmental events. Some examples are retirement, a child entering hi gh school or college, or adoption. The examples denote the normal life cycle affecting the entire family unit. Unexpected events are considered situational events such as death, loss of job, or the loss of the home due to fire. The family’s financial resources and coping mechanisms will help the family adapt and work through the crisis. The nurse can take the listed examples and help the family develop goals in becoming healthy and strong family again. Critique of the Family Stress Theory The use of the family stress theory by nurses with advanced training is a key indicator for creating care paths that enhance the effectiveness of outcomes for positive family health. Family clinicians use the stress theory to facilitate a collaborative learning process between family members with special emphasis on the different family processes: parenting, balancing work, dealing with childhood issues, and maintaining stability in home life. The stress theory is used as a helpful tool for identifying sources of stress that lend a head start for developing strategic plans to assist with managing them. Further applicability of the stress theory offers a supportive resource for identifying coping mechanisms of individual family members and determining how effective their coping strategies are during stressful family situations. The theoretical framework for the stress theory also serves as a tool for explaining how families adjust and adapt as one system during stressful events (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003, p. 470). Information for identifying coping mechanisms for families of culture can be acquired by using a cultural genogram to gather information about their trengths and weaknesses. The clinician uses the information to apply it to the stress theory framework to assist the family with developing feasible ways of dealing with stressful events. Continued research efforts incorporating the use of the stress theory critical for developing innovative family care plans for helping families avoid and decrease stress levels. Further family-focused research can be generated to addres s the coping behaviors of culturally diverse families during stressful situations (Friedman et al. , 2003). The new wave of multi-types of families supports the need for intervention research that serves as evidenced-based practices to help not only culturally diverse families but also all families to deal with stress. Strengths The strengths identified in using the family stress theory are that the model is easy to understand and easy to translate into therapy and intervention. During the assessment period of explaining the model and how it relates to the situational crisis of the family, it is important that families understand the system. The nurse will explain adaptation, family adaptation, family coherence and family resilience. During the educational process, the concepts can be defined and described in a manner the family can view the crisis and place the event in the family unit’s perspective. As the nurse translated the model into therapy sessions and intervention processes, the family will not have difficulty working together needed to heighten family growth. The nurse and family will work together to establish goals. During the intervention session the family will engage with the stressors affecting the family. The family will work extensively to return the unit to the whole family concept. Weaknesses Weaknesses identified are limited to the discussion of aspects in the family dealing with stress and punctuation or interruptions. The family may be limited on providing pertinent information in the discussions. The nurse can help set goals based on the provided information. Shame and guilt play intricate roles in how much information is provided. The family will need to engage in the discussion and work sessions in order to return to the functional family unit. Punctuation or interruptions occur during the meetings with the nurse and family. Unforeseen activities causes disorganized scheduled meeting. A specific time should be allotted for the meeting to alleviate interruptions. The nurse and family can make stride if the sessions are uninterrupted. Family Nursing Research The trends of nursing care have evolved over the years from being a patient centered care industry into an industry focused around family centered care. The focus of providing family centered care has resulted in an emergent need to develop concepts, assessment measures and clinical skills customized to the care being provided. For this reason, family nursing research has detonated although much of the research is in its infancy stages. Much of the current literature on family nursing pertains to pediatric nursing and family, however the call for family nursing research for the adult world of nursing is emerging as well. One particular study conducted by staff researchers at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill spotlight on how families care for a child with chronic illness and debilitating diseases. The byproduct of this research study is the FaMM (Family Management Measure). Although the FaMM was cultivate through the use of the Family Management Style Conceptual Framework (FMSF), the FaMM measures how a family manages during stressful situations, which is a direct correlation to the family stress theory. In addition to spotlighting, the purpose of the study is â€Å"that it will further the development and testing of interventions and the comprehensive assessment of families' efforts to manage chronic conditions† (Knafl et al. , 2007). Based on analyzing the investigations leading up to the FaMM, researchers had ne primary question and challenged themselves to discover a way to make the eight conceptual dimensions of the FMSF into a measureable assessment tool with a high percentage of reliability and validity. Second, an evaluation tool (FaMM) and a hypothesis was developed to support the inquiry. The hypothesis converged to explain how â€Å"data from the FaMM will contribute to clinicians’ and researchers’ ability to understand more fully family functioning in the context of childhood chronic conditions† (Knafl et al. , 2007). Even though the research study appears to be qualitative in methodology with its categorical approach to establishing measurements it is overwhelmingly quantitative. Each of the established measurement guidelines or categories becomes conclusive with a percentage score as a means to evaluate against ranges. The ranges help to determine whether the family has the ability to manage many of the stress factors associated with care of a chronically ill child. The results of the research demonstrated a high validity as well as reliability. In particular, the reliability of the test ranged between 72% to 90% for mothers and 73% to 91% for fathers, both demonstrating above 50% reliability. The future of family nursing research should branch out to include all forms of family; for example, children being raised by grandparents, homosexuals, foster parents and,other forms of guardianship. With the Family Stress Theory more research is needed to determine the long-lasting effects of stress on the family unit and ways to offset these effects. Furthermore, the research from family stress theory is useful to family nursing practice in that it gives nurses a starting point to initiate interventions, treatment and, other diagnoses. Conclusion Family stress theory provides nursing staff with both intrinsic and extrinsic information to use in providing better services, care,and outreach to families. The concepts and assumptions identified in the theory arecurrently being researched for efficiency in providing the best application measures for family nursing practice. Despite the weakness identified in the theory, the strengths of the theory far outweigh. In closing, the family stress theory can be used to guide nursing practice in acute care settings but also can provide in sight on primary prevention methods. References Beckett, C. (2000). Family theory as a framework for assessment. Unpublished manuscript, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. Retrieved from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~nur350-c/class/2_family/theory/lesson2-1-3. html Crawford, D. (2002). Keep the focus on the family. Journal of Child Health Care, 6, 133-146. doi: 10. 1177/136749350200600201 Crosbie-Burnett, M. (1989, July). Application of Family Stress Theory to remarriage: A Model for assessing and helping stepfamilies. Family Relations, 38, 323-331. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/pss/585060 Friedman, M. M. , Bowden, V. R. , & Jones, E. G. (2003). Family Nursing: Research, Theory and Practice (5th Ed. ). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Knafl, K. , Deatrick, J. , Gallo, A. , Dixon, J. , Grey, M. , Knafl, G. , & O’Malley, J. (2007). Family management measure (FaMM). Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://nursing. unc. edu/research/famm/ McDonald, L. (n. d. ). Hill’s theory of family stress and buffer factors: Build the protective factor of social relationships and positive perception with multi-family groups_. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://cecp. air. org/vc/presentations/2selective/31mcdon/HILL’S_FAMILY_STRESS_THEORY_AND_FAST. htm Smith, M. , & Liehr, P. (2008). Middle range theory for nursing (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Walker, L. O . , & Avant, K. C. (2005). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.

Luxury Good and Gucci Essay

Gucci‘s overall strategy was to vertically integrate to strengthen its overall brand image. After vertically integrating they acquired other luxury retailers to continue to grow horizontally and to increase economies of scope. The economics of the luxury goods industry changed forcing Gucci to modify its strategy. Consumers demand shifted from classic style buyers to style conscious buyers. Gucci not only had to change due to the economics of the industry but they also had several problems with their existing structure. Hence Gucci made the following moves to reposition it to compete in the new economics of the luxury goods industry. Gucci The partnership between DeSole and Ford addresses the company’s inability to have streamlined decision making and consistent branding throughout the company. By partnering product design and strategy, Gucci can now make product and business decisions that deliver a consistent message externally. All products and communications will support the brand image of a luxury goods retailer that Gucci wants to deliver to the marketplace. The cost cutting and targeted layoffs address Gucci’s poor cost structure. While profit margins were healthy, the extravagant spending by the former CEO was reducing profitability. The company had excess headcount in some areas and less in others. The layoffs improved Gucci’s cost structure and streamline the organization. Secondly, Gucci lacked the management talent to run a high end luxury company. By laying off underperforming managers and hiring experienced business executives, Gucci significantly improved the quality of its management team. The cash investment by PPR protects Gucci from hostile takeovers by competitors. The improvement in Gucci’s capital structure enables Gucci to move from an acquisition target to a potential acquirer of substitutes and new entrants. This is critical because in the fashion industry, new brands are always emerging in the market. The $3 billion dollar cash investment enables Gucci to protect its core market better. Additionally, the acquisition of YSL through the merger diversifies Gucci’s product portfolio and creates high barriers to entry. Buyers Due to changing consumer demands, Gucci started to focus on fashion in particular the â€Å"glamorous edge. † Since switching cost for consumers are low and consumers are now demanding new fashions every season focusing on seasonal trends competitively positioned Gucci against its rivals and impeded consumers from finding substitutes. Gucci changed its target consumer from an older more conservative buyer to a modern, youthful, fashion conscious one. Since all of Gucci’s competitors had the same target (30-50 year affluent women) going after a modern, youthful spirited consumer allows Gucci to focus on a different segment of the luxury market, capturing a different slice of the pie. To create loyalty, give consumers options, and to prevent consumers from switching and buying a substitute product Gucci decided to revolutionize their product assortments to correspond with the seasonal trends. In addition they increased the quality of their products comparable to Hermes and offered these products at a value to meet the consumer’s needs. Furthermore, Gucci tailored their product assortment in each DOS to local customers to attract more consumers in the local markets. To better forecast product demand for seasonal goods and to keep inventory costs down Gucci added customer intelligence to the decision making process to better understanding consumers buying behavior. In order to obtain higher profit margins and offer a comprehensive line of products it was necessary for Gucci to diversify its portfolio. Hence Gucci introduced items from scarves to fur coats. To remain focused and maintain its â€Å"luxury status†, Gucci did not introduce diffusion product lines. Gucci had initially set its prices too high hence reducing their retail prices by 30% was necessary to attract and maintain customer loyalty. In order to generate demand for the product Gucci doubled their advertising and turned Tom Ford into a celebrity hoping to attract media and attention from around the world. To restore Gucci’s image as a high end luxury goods retailer they renovated all of their stores to support this new image. In addition all internal and external communications had the same look and feel to convey a consistent brand identity. Furthermore, they reduced distribution through retail stores that didn’t support the new brand image regardless of sales. Gucci launched an official web site to create awareness and exhibit new product lines and to position themselves against their competitors. Suppliers Suppliers are a key driver of profitability—a key competitive force. Suppliers are responsible for delivering a premium product that satisfies the company’s standards in quality and that reflects Tom Ford’s creative vision. Without fast turnover to meet fashion forward trend demands and a quality product, the repositioning of the Gucci brand could not have taken place. To fulfill this vision Gucci created an incentive program to keep suppliers loyal to ensure a quality product was manufactured, on time delivery, and it would prevent the suppliers from forging relationships with Gucci’s competitors. In addition, Gucci made suppliers more efficient through technology and logistics investments, provided training for suppliers and built an EDI network allowing Gucci to efficiently communicate with partner suppliers through the production process. As more fashion products will be produced every season along with the classic products, delivery and meeting demand could become an issue if production processes are not efficient. Investing in suppliers ensures that supplier threat, which is high, is controlled and suppliers have incentives to stay with Gucci. Supplier threat is high because of there is an absence of substitutes suppliers. Switching costs are high for Gucci – other suppliers may be producing for their rivals. Other suppliers may not deliver the quality and craftsmanship Gucci is expecting. In addition, other suppliers do not have experience in producing Gucci products (current suppliers have been with Gucci for long time). Hence they will have a longer learning curve slowing down the production process. There are few suppliers in specific regions: Gucci suppliers had production capacity to meet Gucci’s growth (20-30% a year). However, finding new suppliers would be going into Prada’s territory. With more growth, suppliers gained bargaining power with sub-suppliers and with Gucci. Initially, Gucci had power because suppliers worried that Gucci would go overseas for suppliers. Complementors Complementors are a not a high threat to Gucci because there only a few of them, media and advertising. Competition There are many firms in this industry because profit margins are high. However with the number and volume of M&A activity on the rise, consolidation is imminent with a few big players left in the market. Consolidation among competition has given competitors lower cost structure resulting in a competitive advantage such as ad purchasing discounts and supplier negotiating power. The competitors have a diversified product portfolio to target multiple segments of the market. They dominate in particular segments, for example Hermes and leather bags. Since there is slow industry growth precipitating fights for market share is certain to occur. This may result in a high threat from competitors such as LVMH and Prada. Threat of Entry The threat of entry is low because brand identity and product differentiation has been well established in this industry. In addition, access to distribution channels is limited and the new entrant would be competing with already established channels of distribution for Gucci and others firms. Gucci and other competitors have substantial resources to fight back because they of their monetary resources and could obstruct the new entrant or buy them out.

A Journal on Observing a Reading Teacher Essay

I was deployed at the Elementary Department of the New Era University under the mentorship of my cooperating teacher, Prof. Samuel Bayang, Reading coordinator of the division and the adviser of Grade 6 Simon, the department’s upper hetero section which is composed of 33 scholarly pupils. Given the chance by our supervisor, Dr. Corazon Liwayway, Principal of the Elementary Department, to observe the teachers teaching on student teachers’ designated classroom assignments in preparation on our apprenticeship which commenced on the fourth week of July, I conducted my observation on Prof. Bayang’s strategies and methodologies in teaching Reading with his permission. Before I start my observation, I made a list of potential strategies and methodologies that a Reading teacher may use by reading Prof. Bayang’s RAP journals and his books that are concerned on improving and improvising teaching strategies in Reading to facilitate better learning in the class. One of which is Dr. Rizalina R. Santos’s â€Å"Strategies and Methodologies in Teaching Reading†. After buying some time to read his books and RAP journals, which has been a great help not only by finishing this journal observation but also for introducing me on a different level of teaching Reading, I completed a list of probable techniques which I cultured on my readings that might help me on noting and distinguishing informative matters on my observation. Upon accomplishing the list of techniques I made, I turned my attention on familiarizing myself on the conducts of teaching Reading to grade school pupils by painstakingly researching on-line clippings, journals and researches that I compiled and read later on. Some of those on-line materials I had are Asia E-University’s module regarding â€Å"Motivation in the Classroom† which mainly discusses upraising motivation in the classroom through various techniques such as presenting spring boards that serves as an introduction to a particular Reading materials most likely epics, novels, short stories and the like. Also, it discourses the art of questioning that is incorporated with real life situation that happens in the everyday set up of a conventional public schools mostly located on rural parts of Asia-Pacific countries. It also offered a study regarding on demeanors in teaching Reading in both private and public schools which caught my attention. I list down the conducts and citations in the research presented and included it on the list which I made beforehand. An article entitled, â€Å"Using stories – Teaching training† which was copyrighted by The BBC | British Council also helped me on advancing further on completing my observational checklist and for formulating questions that I may ask to Prof. Bayang after I conclude my observation. The article taught me how stories can be used in class with primary or lower secondary aged pupils. The ideas can be easily used without access to storybooks or computers; the focus is on the teacher reading aloud a printed story or telling a story orally and designing motivating tasks around this. As of my prime concern in looking for conducts in teaching Reading, it provided a detailed approach on presenting practical ideas on exploiting stories in the classroom while considering the benefits of using stories in both Reading and Language classrooms. It also offers a broad knowledge on conducting active learning through interactive discussions and group works, subject matter generalizations and reflections regarding the stories read by the pupils. July 23, 2012 OBSERVATION After spending enormous time on researching and collecting data that may help me, I printed an approved and improved format of a detailed lesson plan which I made during my demonstration teaching in MSC 5-05 under Dr. Lucila Bondoc then I proceeded on my observation. On the preliminary phase on July 23, 2012 of my observation, I sat at the back of the classroom while Prof. Bayang is teaching his advisory class about Facts and Opinions†. During the discussion, I noticed the systematic flow of events. The class was started by an opening prayer led by Maverick del Mundo at 7:00 a. m. The prayer was followed by the checking of orderliness and cleanliness of the classroom. Because the classroom was used by Prof. Bayang’s college students prior that day, he asked his pupils to check their surroundings for litters and throw those that will be seen on their trash bags. Then checking of attendance was conducted by the class’ President, Patricia Nagales, who is in-charge of monitoring the punctuality of her classmates. She wrote the names of those pupils who are absent and tardy that day. After the prayer was conducted, the checking of the orderliness and cleanliness of the classroom was administered and the checking of the attendance was done, Prof. Bayang reviewed the class about their previous lesson which is all about contextual clues. He made the class defines contextual clues by using their own words. Then, he presented a visual aid containing exercises which he made as an interactive activity by calling pupils randomly to answer each item. He asked those pupils to read the question and choices for the number they are called and then to determine if the pupil’s answer is correct, he asked the class whether if it is correct or not. He also asked the pupils to reason out why their classmates’ answers are correct or wrong enabling to activate their critical thinking skills. As reinforcement, Prof. Bayang gave positive feedbacks like, ‘that’s great,’ ‘well done,’ and ‘nice job’ to those pupils who tried their best to participate in the activity. Before he proceeds to the next activity I browsed the lesson plan I printed beforehand and noticed the synchronization of activities as to Prof. Bayang’s performance. The review of the previous lesson was trailed by a reading drill about words that sound as /ch/ written on a manila paper of 5 columns and 3 rows. Words that are included in the drill are as follow: children, chili, chimney, chin, chip, chuckle, chum, chunk, church, bunch, bleach, each, peach, reach and speech. First, he read the drill by himself emphasizing the /ch/ sound on each word. Afterwards, he asked the class to read the words after him. When the class finished reading the drill, he let the class to read the drill again by them. To accentuate the significance of the drill, he called two readers to stand in front of the class and deliver the drill once more. As follow up, Prof. Bayang gave verbal appraisal to the two readers he called on. Subsequently, he divided the class into two to present the motivation. He gave each group with a puzzle picture and asked them to assemble it for a minute. After a minute, Prof. Bayang collected the pictures and requested for a representative of each group to interpret what was shown in the puzzle. First, he let the first group to discuss their puzzle in the class. The picture they formed is a picture of a counselor and a counselee. The pupil described the picture as a an illustration of an old woman wearing white hospital clothes seating on a chair adjacent on a wooden table with her name on top engraved on a marble tablet indicating that she’s a counselor. In front of her is a guy probably on his mid-twenty’s seeking for advice. After the first group described the picture, Prof. Bayang called the second group’s representative. They formed the same picture just like the first group but it illustrates a different scenario. The pupil described the picture as a photo of two women on a living room. An old woman probably on her sixty’s sitting crossed legged on a mahogany oak wood furnished sofa. Beside her is a sobbing woman who is probably married because of the impression of her clothes and accessories worn. Prof. Bayang acknowledged their interpretations as true and correct. He followed the activity with questions like, what does a counselor do? What is a counselee? Who did you often seek an advice and how frequent it is? What kind of problem do you usually encounter? How do you deal with it? Pupils became very enthusiastic and eager to answer his question because everybody was able to relate. Most especially when cited several examples that implies the needs of having guidance and counsel from someone close or dear to us. After he motivated the class, he presented the vocabulary words which later on will be seen on the selection they’ll be reading. He delivered it through contextual clues activity. He posted a visual aid with questions and choices that corresponds each number. By means of using contextual clues, the pupils we’re able to define the meaning of patch, summarize, extract, summon, fines, testify, assurance, complainant, clues, and interrogation. When they already unlocked the meaning of the difficult words in the selection, Prof. Bayang ensued to the reading activity. First, he asked a spring board that is stated on the beginning of the selection they’re about to read then he let the pupils answered his question orally. He followed the spring board by introducing the story to the pupils. He requested the pupils to get their book in Reading, â€Å"Reading Realm 6† by Rizalina R. Santos, Ph. D. and by writing the page numbers on the board, he asked his pupils to turn their books on the pages where the story â€Å"The Farmer and the Wise Judge† is located. When everybody is ensured to have turned their book on the prescribed pages, he asked his pupils to conclude what’s in the picture. The pupils are able to described the picture which illustrate an old Chinese judge wearing a traditional Chinese wardrobe and a peasant farmer seeking for help, After the pupils discussed their interpretation of the picture, Prof. Bayang asked them to give the standards in silent reading. One by one, the pupils gave the standards and then Prof. baying called on readers to read each paragraph. He asked the pupils to silently read what the reader is reading so that everybody will be able to read the selection. After four to five paragraphs read, I noticed that Prof. Bayang interrupt the reading process to explain and ask the pupils what has been read. He incorporated the oral comprehension check-up in the reading activity and extended it until the entire reading activity was done. Supplementary follow-up question was supplied to test the pupils’ comprehension skills. After the pupils were able to answer the additional questions, Prof. baying gave them ten minutes to answer the written comprehension check-up on their books which is consisted of 3 parts. The first part is recalling details, second part is story plotting, and the third part is inferring characters’ moods and feelings. While the pupils are answering their activity, I took the chance to check out the list which I made. Prof. Bayang followed the same format of lesson plan that I did before. The execution of each activities as well as the systematic synchronization flow of discussion is well performed without mannerisms that tend to disturb the pupils’ attention. I also noticed his stance and composure, the way he carried himself is very respectable and well-mannered which is enough for him to be treated with authority and respect by his pupils and co-teachers that enables him to command reverence responsiveness. When it comes to speaking, he has a well-modulated and articulated voice that is audible throughout the whole class. I also observed that his questioning skills stimulate discussion in different ways. He was able to probe learner’s understanding, help pupils articulate their ideas and thinking process, promote risk taking and problem solving, facilitate recall, encourage convergent and divergent thinking, stimulate curiosity and helps pupils to ask questions. After the span of ten minutes roaming around the classroom to see if his pupils are responding in the activities given and if they have queries, he asked the class if they’re done. Some pupils are not yet finish so he gave them an additional 2 minutes to work. For those that are able to finish the activity on time, he gave them verbal appraisal and asked them to review their answer. When the additional allotted time was finished, he asked his pupils to pass their books sideways going to the center aisle at the count of five. Each count, the pupil from the innermost row passes his book on his seatmate. When the final count was given by Prof. Bayang, all books are in the center aisle. â€Å"At the count of six, all books should be at the opposite row. † he said firmly. As he counted, the same process was done by the pupils. After the books are delivered to each respected pupils, Prof. Bayang asked his pupils to put â€Å"corrected by† on the lower right corner of the book they received and affix their name and signature on it. While the pupils are busy following his instruction; he bought some time to post the keywords on the board. After posting the keywords, he asked the pupils to check the book their holding by looking at the keyword posted in front for two minutes. He also instructed them to tally the scores and write the sum on the upper left corner of the book they have. When the pupils are done checking their classmates’ book, he asked them to return the books to its owner by repeating the routine they’ve done before. When the books are already returned to the owners, Prof. Bayang recorded their scores by calling their class numbers. After he recorded the scores, he asked if all names are called. Then, he let the class relaxed their selves and seat up straight and properly. He also let others go out for a water break and to comfort their selves. Once he made sure that everybody is ready and present inside the room, he started presenting to the class their lesson for that day which is â€Å"Facts and Opinions. † He asked the same question as he did before they read the selection, â€Å"How judges’ now-a-days decides on their cases? † Then he called random pupils to answer. This time, pupils aren’t just enthusiastic to answer but they became more dignified and willing to answer Prof. Bayang’s question. He stated that one of the ways on how judges decide on their cases is by inspecting closely what are facts and what are opinions. He posted a visual aid which contains the definition of facts and opinions then he asked someone to read the definition and example of facts. Afterwards, he explained it and gave the determinants to identify what’re facts and otherwise. He supplied the class with different examples and cited situations to stimulate their higher order thinking skills. Later on, he did the same procedure in explaining the idea of opinion in the class. After explaining the concept of the lesson, he asked the class if it’s clear to them and if they can move to the next activity. Everyone agreed that they have no question regarding the lesson so Prof. baying move on the application part. He divided the class into 4 groups. The first group is in charge of â€Å"Gossip Hunter†, it is a game wherein they’re going to spot the facts and opinion in the selection read. The second group is going to perform the â€Å"One Click Act! † activity in which they’re going to choose a scene from the selection and then they’ll present it on the class highlighting the facts and opinions in their dialogues. The third group was tasked to do the â€Å"F and O Talk Show†. They made a talked show about the selection read exposing what are the facts and opinions stated by the characters in the story. The last group did a â€Å"Journal Entry† which is made of facts and opinions in about the story. Each group was given fifteen minutes to do their assigned task and prepare their materials and scoops. After the given allotted time, they are asked to go back to their proper seats and avoid making unnecessary noises so that the group that shall present their work will be able to present it without disturbance. Each group was given three to five minutes to present their work in front of the class. The group that made the best presentation was given verbal appraisal and plus points in their recitation. After the differentiated group work, Prof. Bayang asked his pupils to turn their books to pages 113 and made them answered activities one to two which is all about identifying and locating facts and opinions in a given paragraph and statements. This serves as his evaluation in the discussion made. He gave them five minutes to answer the activities. After five minutes, they checked the activities the way they did in checking the written comprehension activities it was followed by the same recording of scores routine. Knowing the scores of the pupils are outstandingly promising, he didn’t give homework anymore, instead, he congratulated the class for showing an exemplary performance. July 25, 2012 INTERVIEW After observing Prof. Samuel Bayang, I analyzed and evaluated my findings. I was amazed by the amount of the data I was able to collect upon observing him. There are a lot of notable comments I listed down regarding him but the one that really amazed me was the congruence of his discussion between his objectives and subject matter that even without looking for his lesson plan, it was clearly manifested throughout the class. There are also notable congruence between his lesson’s objectives, teaching procedures and formative test. When it comes to his teaching procedures, his used methods and strategies that was suited to the needs and capabilities of his pupils, he was creative enough to adapt his method to the pupils’ capabilities, visual aids and other examples were used to illustrate the lesson, and he also made effective use to the formative test after teaching. I also observed his keen systematic practice in routinizing the class when it comes to the checking of attendance, agreements, practice exercises, and correcting, distributing, and collecting pupil’s outputs. I also noticed the strict, yet pupil-friendly, order and discipline present in classroom while it’s on session. Also, the visual aids that were used by Prof. Bayang were within reach during his teaching which made him easy to assemble his materials during the session. Before I observed him, I thought that it will be just a meager observation but I was mistaken. It left me with several inquiries that challenged me to come up with an interview. So I enumerated my findings and made a narrative report about it which helps me to formulate questions regarding my curiosity towards the way he taught his pupils. Upon completing my questions for my interview, I instigated my plans. I came up to school early on Wednesday of July 25, 2012 where I was schedule to meet Prof. Bayang in preparation of my first on the job training which was due in July 26, 2012. First, he instructed me to make my instructional materials while he was editing my lesson plan. I took the chance to ask him about himself. I learned that he graduated in Philippine Normal University twith Bachelor Degree in Elementary Education major in Reading. He has been in the department for 15 years with her wife, Ma’am Bessie Bayang, Elementary Registrar, and that he has three son who is currently enrolled in the elementary and high school department of the university. I was uncomfortable to ask him about his life because talking about something which doesn’t concern me is not my interest so I went directly to my concern. I asked him if his using a lesson plan in teaching. He said that it’s not necessary anymore to use a lesson plan in his case because his already a professional licensed teacher already. In fact, according to him, the department does not require them to do so because of their heavy loads in teaching though sometimes they most especially when the subject matter is tough or new to him, he make a guide to help him manage his time during his discussion. Using my research made list, I asked him if his familiar with the basal reading approach or the basal type lesson plan. He said that he is fully aware of it. He says that good basal reading programs cover all aspects of reading learning (phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension) in a systemic, explicit and comprehensive way. They are intended to teach children to read at or above grade-level expectations and give those all the skills they need to make reading progress. Regarding to its effectiveness, he stated that, it’s very helpful and child friendly approach because basal reading program is a core reading program that is used to teach children to read thoroughly. He also discussed that the term â€Å"basal† comes from the word â€Å"base,† as the program acts as the basis for the lessons that teach children reading skills. Basal reading programs are mainly used by school districts, as they are generally too expensive for most homeschoolers and tutoring centers. This discussion with him opened me the chance to ask him a lot about his approaches in teaching Reading. He specified that there are a lot of approaches in teaching Reading and its affectivity varies according to the learning style and needs of our pupils because no matter how detailed and proven an approach is, it won’t easily suits everyone’s need. â€Å"Teaching is not a one size fits all profession. Further study and researches are needed to cater the needs of your pupils. Hindi tayo focus sa iisang bagay lang, ang target natin, LAHAT. And when we say LAHAT we deal with diversity and there comes the bigger picture. You should know that. † Prof. Bayang boldly said. Having my research as my guideline, I asked him if his accustomed with Marungko approach. He told me one of his seminars he attended in Manila hotel sometime during the year 2011. He also showed me one of his RAP journals about Marungko approach. He conversed it is a technique by which instead of the usual arrangement (or order) of letters, Marungko starts with m, s, a, i, and so forth. The alphabets are rather â€Å"pronounced† than read. Then he cited an example. â€Å"The alphabet â€Å"m† would be pronounced as â€Å"mmm† not the old Pinoy style of reading it as â€Å"ma†. Learning the pronunciation of just a few of the letters would actually help the child read a few more words. † he explained. Then I asked if his aware of the â€Å"Four Pronged Approach†. On his old large file case, he brought out an envelope and gave it to me. I opened it and found out a compact disk entitled â€Å"The Four Pronged Approach† along with it are five samples of four pronged approach lesson plans. He handed another envelope which contains five books and told me that those are the books from where the lesson plan was formed. In a short while after he fixed his files that went topsy-turvy above his glass framed table, he turned his attention to me. He offered a close discussion about the â€Å"Four Pronged Approach† from which at that point I have limited knowledge. He discoursed that the four-pronged approach was first developed by Professor Basilisa Manhit of the College of Education, University of the Philippines, Diliman as stated on the readings and clippings he was holding. He stated that the philosophical foundations of the four-pronged approach are the following: literature-based, holistic, and places emphasis on the process of transfer. He also stressed that the four pronged approach is composed of four parts: genuine love for reading (GLR), which aims to immerse the child in literature and develop a deep and lasting love for reading. Critical reading this offers a story/poetry reading, and then afterwards the children are asked to answer the motive question. A discussion then unfolds the events and beauty of the selection. This discussion should succeed in imparting the message of the story. The children arrive at this on their own pace of realization guided by the questions of the teacher. The children are trained to reflect on the story. They soon become accustomed to critical thinking (CT), the second prong. The third prong follows which is the mastery of the structures of the language now also named Grammar and Oral Language Development (GOLD). He indicated that through this method of sharing literature, vocabulary is developed, attention span is lengthened, listening comprehension is honed and critical thinking, applied daily, becomes a habit. The last prong follows immediately, the transfer stage (TS). This prong is also planned and implemented as systematically as the three prongs. â€Å"This is the prong where reading readiness activities are given to the pupils. † Prof. Bayang said. As for my final question, I asked him what approach in teaching Reading he prefers. He took a deep breath eyeing for my buried lesson plan that he was halfway finished on editing throughout our 30 minutes interview. He looked towards the direction of my hand which is swiftly writing the information he shared. At first, I thought he was skeptical or somewhat cynical about his answer then he precipitously said, â€Å"None. † I was stunned. I didn’t expect he would answer such so I smiled back in return and ask, â€Å"why? † He lowered his head and examines my lesson plan. I can see his passion and dedication as his hands swiftly write his comments on my red ink filled lesson plan. â€Å"As I have said a while ago, teaching is not a one size fits all profession. † he said with a truncated voice. â€Å"Pag teacher ka, kailangan lahat nakikita mo. At dapat marunong kang mag-value. And by valuing, there comes the answer to your question. † he’s smiling while he’s talking. There has been a long pause. I wanted to break the silence so I attempted to asked, â€Å"wh-.. † He interrupted my statement so I lay back on the arm chair I was seated. â€Å"There is a lot of things you really need to know. He-he! † He laughed. â€Å"Appreciating someone’s value or purpose might it be good or bad is the perhaps the best job a teacher does that is hidden to the eyes of people. † He said smirking. â€Å"Wala naman talagang best na approach o strategy o method na best o appropriate sa pagtuturo ng Reading, o Language, o Science o ano pa man. Sa trabaho natin, kailangan mo lang maging totoo at maging appreciative sa bata. Kasi ‘yong maging maka-bond mo sila, that enables you to think of a best approach to deal with their personality. At sa pagtuturo, hindi naman talaga learning style of habit ang inaalam natin e.  Kundi ‘yong personality, ‘yong attitude. You need to acquaint yourself on the child’s nature first for you to teach him. Most especially when teaching Reading. Your teaching them kasi not just a simple subject e, your teaching them a way of living, a part of life. † He said seriously. â€Å"Kaya ang sagot ko sa tnong mo ay, WALA. He-he! † He said laughing while handing me over my edited lesson plan. After that, he asked me good bye to attend their devotional prayer at the Elementary Library. That ended my interview to him. July 25, 2012 Just after my interview. ( REFLECTION  Seriously, I was left dumbfounded. I was surprised by how our conversation concluded. It’s just 30 minutes of interview but it changed a portion of me when it comes to the career I chose. I was able to reflect back on. How am I doing in the field? Am I after to the child’s personality? Attitude? Or am I just focus on the theoretical knowledge I learned on my three years study of theories? Am I forgetting something big? This whole observation and journal making thing turned out to me as an unexpected crash course. In taking this class, I would have never expected to be able to write so much at once. In fact, in the past I probably would not have even tried. However, during the course of this class, I guess I began to open my mind to different ideas and styles of writing that have helped me to develop as a writer and as a student in general. My mind was put into critical thinking mode immediately after every class I attended in the Elementary department teaching grade six pupils. I knew from that point that this class would be a lot more than just a crash course on grammar and paper structure because I had to do this portfolio and journal. I had to form an opinion of my own. As assertive as I come off, I always have a hard time, I still have a hard time choosing one side over another because I will sit there and analyze ever side to an issue. This innate habit of mine is both a gift and a curse. It is beneficial to me because I am able to look at things from several perspectives with compassion and understanding. But on the other hand, I always want to write a paper giving both my point of view towards something I personally experienced, instead of theoretical and argumentative statements which most of my subject courses requires me to do so. This has been a challenge for me because we are asked over and over  again to take a stand on an issue regarding what’s happening on our class during the discussions and our relationship with the entire faculty of the department. So many times this semester, I have been caught by writing center tutors, most especially my friends who are grammar Nazzis, telling me that this sentence or this paragraph supports the wrong side. That is me trying to be fair I guess, a habit which I will have to keep learning how to break. I must say that I have enjoyed all of the facts and journals that we got to write about for the reason that I had quite a bit of interest in the subjects. Even my journals and lesson plans which I was dreading to write became my favorite paper I wrote this semester because I was so informed after my research that I had so much to say. It is so much easier and interesting to write about things that affect me or things that I can relate to. For example my journal made me aware of the things that are going on that I seem to overlook in my everyday life. I think that more than anything this class has helped me to become a more analytical and insightful thinker as well as a critical writer and teacher.

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Science-molecules and the mind - Essay Example Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a well-known sequestering agent with the capacity to chelate almost every positive ion in the periodic table. The EDTA molecule can bind to metal ions by forming six bonds (and six rings) to it - two from nitrogen atoms in amino groups and four from oxygen atoms in carboxyl groups. As the number of ring enclosures is very large (six) the formed chelate is very stable. Obviously, it is the most widely used chelating molecule. Answer: Metals contaminate the food by finding their way from the soil and from machinery during harvesting and processing. Metals such as copper, iron and nickel degrade the quality of food stuffs by catalyzing the oxidation of the fats and oils in the food. Due to this oxidation, the oil becomes rancid. Rancid oils are a major source of free radicals in our diet which can cause cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's and other diseases associated with them. Hence the metal ions in oil-based foods can cause severe health problems and it is important to remove them from oil-based foods. Sequestering agents can be used to remove these metal ions from oils. EDTA is commonly added to fatty, oily foods as an antioxidant that prevents metal ions that have entered from metallic food-processing equipment. Answer: Washing the oily spot with plain water is di

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Code of Professional Ethics and Conduct - Essay Example There is an urgent need to remind members how important it is to follow these rules in the performance of their assignments so that high ethical standards can be maintained and avoid controversies. In this connection, it is important for the profession to be strict with regards to observing standards formulated by its professional bodies in terms of accounting and auditing ethics and conduct. A member must at all times endeavor to observe the code of conduct that governs their profession. Rule 102 – this rule pertains to integrity and objectivity. This means accountants should maintain at all times honesty in performing his work and avoid conflicts of interest that may be damaging to that integrity and objectivity by assiduously observing independence. Expectations of the code is a CPA will not knowingly misrepresent facts, make materially false or misleading entries or fails to correct those erroneous entries when there is an opportunity to rectify them. Violations of this ru le was shown in the case of Mr. Robert E. Allgyer of Lake Forest, in the state of Illinois, for alleged violations of the Codes of Professional Conduct of the AICPA and also in relation to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 102 (e) about a rendition of professional services for Waste Management, Inc. wherein there was improper conduct by him. The integrity of Mr. Allgyer was questionable due to his issuance of an Order instituting Public Administrative Proceedings which the SEC construed as negligence on his part. However, Mr. Allgyer entered into a compromise settlement with thInstitutingich he was fined $50,000 and also suspended from his professional practice for two years, with a right to re-apply for the privilege of practicing before the SEC only after the lapse of five years. I think the disciplinary actions taken against him were too harsh (professional suspensions) considering that he paid the substantial civil monetary penalty of $50,000 (AICPA, 2012b, p. 1). Ru le 102 (e) of the SEC now allows it to sanction any individual CPA in addition to public accounting firms, the firms they worked for and their audit committees. This new rule change refers to negligence on the part of individual CPA which constitutes as improper conduct and a violation of professional standards of conduct applicable in the instant case (With a controversial change to rule†¦, 1999, p. 1). Rule 201 – this rule refers to professional competence and cares with regards to the handling of financial documents. It means any member must be competent in terms of academic theories (continuing professional education credits or CPE) and adequate work experiences. Moreover, this rule requires due professional care during rendition of any professional services by ensuring proper planning before any work is started, make adequate supervision during the performance of professional services and ascertain if there are enough valid data, documents and all relevant informati on for a reasonable conclusion or a proper recommendation with regards to all services standards (NYSSCPA.org, 2009, p. 1).  

Eu law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eu law - Essay Example The buyer can sue the trader for faulty goods within a period of six years in England or five years in Wales and Northern Ireland. The procedure to get the product repaired or replaced by the seller involves notifying the seller of the defects in goods within a reasonable time that is usually six months for the second-hand goods (Thies, 2013, p. 173). The buyer should prove the ownership of the goods and the relationship between the seller and the buyer because the seller cannot raise a claim of defect or default on goods from a trader who did not sell the goods that product to them. The buyer should produce the receipt they used when making payment or use claim using confirmation from the credit card in case the payment was charged from the credit card (Thies, 2013, p. 184). However, in case the seller is unwilling to compensate the buyer against the fault goods the seller can seek court intervention within six years in England or five years in Wales and Northern Ireland. The right to return or get a second-hand car replaced is applicable to the car dealers (Thies, 2013, p. 189). If one decides to purchase a c ar from a private seller, the buyer has to be cautious since the seller has no obligation to give the details of the car although they should answer any question asked by the buyer in regard to the car truthfully. In case the buyer raises the issue within six months, the seller is obliged to prove that there was no defect on the goods at the time of sale, while for the claims raised with twelve months but after a lapse of six months the regulation places the onus on the buyer to prove the goods had defects rendering them unfit for the purpose at the time they bought them (Thies, 2013, p. 141). The buyer should prove the fault of the goods using expert’s report such as engineer or a mechanic to substantiate their claim of defect. Direct effects refer to

Strategic Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Planning - Assignment Example It is based on this knowledge that a health care organization may decide on the best approach to use, in competing with their competitors. Another type of competitor identified by Moseley are potential competitors. These are companies that are operating in other industries, but they are showing a high likelihood of wanting to invest in the health care industry. These are always referred to as new entrants (Zuckerman, 2012). It is important to explain that investing in the health care industry is a very costly process, and on this basis, new entrants are normally business organizations that have the capability of raising the necessary capital. Furthermore, it is important to explain that new entrants could be firms operating the same line of business, but operating in a different geographical location (Harrison, 2010). Other possible new entrants include organizations that offer related services, suppliers who are interested in integrating forward in the chain, with the intention of forming a hospital organization, organizations that seek to diversify their portfolios, because of increased competition, etc. Another type of competitors is indirect competitors. These are health care institutions that offer substitute products. It is important to explain that this is competition, because these organizations have the capability of satisfying the customers of a health organization, in a similar manner, as the organization under consideration (Stahl, 2004). In gathering data, concerning the threats that direct competitors pose, there is a need of carrying out market research, through surveys, and observations. Surveys would enable the health care organization to collect data, based on the quality of service it offers, in comparison to the quality of service offered by its competitors. This type of information is very important because it

Developing Protocol and Training for Healthcare Professionals to Essay

Developing Protocol and Training for Healthcare Professionals to improve compliance in Patient treatment plans - Essay Example Descriptive Keywords Physician-patient relationship Patient centered care Patient compliance Patient focused approach Step Two: Library Search Library Source #1 ProQuest Medical Library Keywords Patient compliance in health care treatment plans Persistent Link provided in the database: http://library.capella.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/221714386?accountid=27965 Title of the article: â€Å"5 Tips for Generating Patient Satisfaction† Author(s) of the article: Pawar, Manoj Date of the article: 2005 Citation from the library search: Pawar, Manoj (2005). 5 Tips for Generating Patient Satisfaction, Family Practice Management, Vol. 12 Issue 6, pp. 44-46 Explain the resource’s reliability: This is a Family practice management journal published bimonthly by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) which is a recognized healthcare organization within the US, with active CME (Conti nuing Medical Education) programs. Although the author of this article cites only one reference to validate the facts, but it is based on personal experience and 331 shared references confirm the journal’s reliability. Paraphrasing your source’s ideas: As research has shown communication and trust plays a major role in patient compliance. There are two roles that the medical provider plays in a patient’s healthcare. ... The business role is more like the approach of a salesman trying to make the deal. As a healthcare professional gaining your patient’s trust is the key factor, as it ensures that the patient will be consistent and adhere to treatment plans and follow advice after the real need has been identified and addressed (Manoj Pawar, June 2005). Patients’ are more than likely to fall in line when the medical provider builds a relationship based on mutual trust and understanding. A medical provider will gain a patients’ trust when interest is shown in their goals and values. Become a good listener and refrain from dominating conversations during patients’ visits. (Manoj Pawar). Direct Quote â€Å"The physician has to recognize the opportunity for intervention, reframe it in a way that makes it meaningful to the patient, and generate a sufficient sense of urgency to compel the patient to take action†, (p.1). Step Three: Internet Search Internet Source #1 Which search engine did you use? www.google.com Your keyword for this search: Patient focused approach Result URL for the location of your source: http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/130/1_suppl/73S.full Title of the article: â€Å"Patient-Focus Care* Using the Right Tools† Author of the article: Richard S. Irwin, MD, FCCP; and Naomi D. Richardson, MSc, MBA Date of the article: July 2006 Explain the resource’s reliability: This article appears reliable as it is from a recognized peer reviewed and prestigious journal. This article had 28 references from other prestigious journals and a wide variety of areas in medical research. This is why the reliability is high. Paraphrasing your source’s ideas: The article by Richard S.

1.4 Individual Share Portfolio Review assessment brief Essay

1.4 Individual Share Portfolio Review assessment brief - Essay Example In this regard, there is regulation of any form of fraud. The form of payment mode that the targeted shareholders prefer determines the strategies to be adopted by the arbitrageur in the trading process. There are two types of payment methods in a share performance analysis. In a stock merger, there is receipt of bid stocks by the targeted shareholders. On the other hand, share portfolio review shows how a share trader buys and sells stock to the highest bidder at the offer price after the completion of the bid exercise (Fernholz, 2012, 34). This type of investment entails the buying of stock and consequent selling of the bid stock at a suitable offer price. After the trading is completed, the target stock is exchanged for the bidder stock in order to cover the short position. The stock analyst can benefit from the trading when the bid succeeds. Therefore, if the bid does not go through, then the investor remains at the break-even state. The disclosure of information used by the stock analyst in decision-making is crucial because it makes him more a versed with the bid in quest. The graph indicates the fluctuation in prices of the shares within the share portfolio over the period. Share portfolio review uses of only public information with regard to bids. Therefore, it is not a covert deal with concealed information. Guiso (2012, 47) asserts that the trading is not subject to rumor information but investors only respond when a sealed deal on a bid has been announced to the public domain. Stock analysts believe that profitable trading is not contingent on a bid occurrence. The period set for the bid to be consummated is the overriding factor in the business. Risk is a crucial aspect in risk arbitrage because the whole process of risk spread involves some element of uncertainty. The result of the bid is usually unknown to the public. This owes to the fact that it may result to a profit or loss. For instance,

Character Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Character Compare and Contrast Essay The 2 characters that are the main spotlight in this story are Jack and Ralph. They are great leaders but they have different ways of leading others. However they have different goals and that leads to arguments and in the end separation. Even in all the hardships, the littleuns still caused Ralph and Jack to add another worry about the â€Å"beast† into their list of worries Even though Jack and Ralph are innocent and mature at the start, they will break mentally in the end without civilisation to keep them sane. Jack and Ralph are great leaders but they have different ways of leading. Jack’s way of leading is more into the dictator type but Ralph is more into the democracy type. Ralph likes to get ideas and ask for volunteers to do them while Jack likes to tell others what to do.Even though they all agreed to the cliffs and the outhouses and there always has to be water in the coconut shells, but they all forgot about it and do it everywhere. As time passes arguments happens and they fought for leadership. Even though Jack and Ralph work well together but different goals caused them to separate. Jack’s goal is to hunt pigs and go wild in the forest ,but Ralph’s goal is to get off the island and stay alive. They are enthusiastic about the idea of building a signal fire to go back home, the hunters who are supposed to look after it were too focused on hunting the pig for food and left it to go out at the most crucial point. While they are hunting and the fire went out, a ship came pass by and went past them like they didn’t even exist.This accident caused Ralph and Jack into an argument that would eventually lead to separation. The littleuns like to play around but even though they they don’t have to do anything, they also have to make Jack and Ralph worry about the â€Å"beast.† Even though the littleums don’t have to do anything, they still have to create problems by lighting a spark of fear into others by the story of the â€Å"beast.† The day after the kid with the birthmark told them about the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"beast,† he’s gone and no one has yet seen him and they just took him out of their memories and made him disappear like he never existed. Even though the fear of the â€Å"beast’s† gone, once a fear of it is lit it would stay there forever and hunt them even in their dreams. Once they all are mentally broken, Jack took action and rebelled, overthrowing Ralph’s leadership. Even though both Jack and Ralph has the same background and have a similar life style, they still argue with each other and fought over the conch, the symbol of leadership. Jack and Ralph are great leaders but they have different ways of leading and thinking. They also have 2 different priorities which Ralph’s is staying alive and getting off the island back to their homes, but Jack’s priority is to hunt and go wild. Even though they have to worry about who’s in power constantly, the littleuns still have to light a spark of fear that gradually built up like pressure in a pressure tank and once it went over the limit, it blew. Even though they fought and argued they still did well staying alive even with out adults. Works Cited Golding, William. Lord of the flies. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2012. Print

Is Realism More Persuasive Than Liberalism Politics Essay

Is Realism More Persuasive Than Liberalism Politics Essay The two key concepts of international relations are realism with share a pessimistic view of human nature and liberalism that has an optimistic view to the rise of modern states. Realism has more persuasive account in international relations because of his pessimistic critic of human nature. As to realism definition the belief that within human morality there will always be conflict among people. In international relations realist believe that war is the only ultimate resolution of avoiding conflict. Liberalism is the international theory that holds takes positive view of human nature because human beings have ability to reason. liberalism believe that human being are self interested but also recognize that people share common interests therefore they co-operate with one another. Liberalism has a core belief in progress assumptions, for example Robert Keohane argued that liberals believes on the possibility of increasing progress. The key argument of liberalism is the aspiration to create people society where the potential can be achieved. They believe that citizens have to be brought up to do hard job. Even it the different liberals opinions in what the government role should have or be included. Classical liberal suggest that the government should not have a large functions, only three important functions are related to them such as, to guarantee order and law, to maintain protection against internal and external enemies, lastly to increase support to the two preceding functions. However modern liberals suggest that the states exist to help citizens and also themselves. The state plays important function, Liberals and conservatives strongly argued that the government is very important and play an important role in the assistances of citizens but realist dont accept the same idea. One of the most important idea of liberalism is related with freedom, that meant that all people in the world have the right to be free (natural freedom) but liberals dont trust in full freedom because they believe that people do not do what they want to do, if everyone should do what they want it would give the rely right. That should bring people in pluralism idea where is seeing as the diversity of opinion. Even if realists would see pluralism idea as strong because of the variety of opinions and is causing change in social aspect. About freedom conservatives differ with classical liberal because they suggest that freedom lead to negative freedom where everyone do what they like on every occasion they want, conservatives do not argue with that idea because they believe that individual freedom do not have the same power as the law. The conservative idea is that the law is a strong instrument to sustain peace and promote freedom from citizens that want to take the freedom and rights from the others people. Freedom is closely connected with the doctrine of laissez-fare which advocated minimum regulation and maximum freedom of action for the entrepreneur according to Goodwin. (Barbara Goodwin, 2007, pg 36, 41) Liberal belief in reason human rationality because they argued that human are completely able of achieve their own personal interests. Liberal sees reason as scientific knowledge and as a form of progress but conservative dont belief in that. Liberalism can suggest that belief in progress but conservative belief that the knowledge came from the earlier period. Reasons have never supported the idea of paternalism because paternalism is compare as authority and also helps direct that inferior level and the conservatism argued that the government is important for control of citizens. Liberalism has always repudiated the idea of real interests, arguing that that way lie paternalism and even totalitarianism, this means that only subjectively felt or expressed interests can count. Liberals also reject the Marxism contention that people en masse can be deluded about their interests and suffer widespread false consciousness, since this erodes the concept of rationality. According to Goodwin logically, argued that, Liberalism is a flexible and adjustable ideas; it has presided over what were arguably three of the most progressive and liberating centuries of human history. It should therefore be credited with many of the advances of this era even if it is also rightly blamed for many of our endemic social problems. (Barbara Goodwin, 2007, pg, 63) Realist view of human is based on the focus of individual and their own well-being. Realist believes that human have an aggressive relation with each others. Realists focus on domestic political life because they believe that the political world is consisted of international anarchy of sovereign states. Realism strongly focuses on state values, it national security and ensure state survival. Power allows states to act freely on strength resistance of each state due to their belief of anarchy government and non-existence authority in international relation. State can use their power only if they can justify their action base on evidence of their state security. According to realism states are allowed to act while using their power as long as they can evidently justify their action. Realists believe that international relations ken only improve unless an effective global democracy is put in please to prevent anarchy. Hans Morgenthau is a classic realist thinker of international relations of the twenty century; he argued that women and men have will to power. That is in particular clear in government and also specifically in global politics. Morgenthau view suggested that whatever states objectives are the will always use power to maintain t he values. According to him political activities are focus on use of power. The main concept of foreign policy is to ensure protection and defence of state interests in the political world. The great power has demonstrated effectively in modern world because of the claim of perceptive human nature to authority of the state, and they understand state behaviour as being a conflict. In the realist concept or ideas actors of the world politics are perceived as being less helpful or not important. For example International organizations, NGOs (Non- governmental organisations) and people. The main concern of realism is the state survival and protection of nation from danger. Realist argued that is the reasons to make foreign policy, and according to the realist all government in the world defend their own national interest because of self interests. Realists consider that the life of human would be terrible with no protections of state, and they also believe that there would be dreadful conditions in the peoples life and the value of state would not be certain. All the country states are seen as the defender of its land or region, and the value of life, according to Hobbes. All the foreign policies decisions should be done, on bases of the national interest. Ethics and human society cannot be extensive into the relationships of international relations. Realism is best compared with egoism or the absence of any formal system of government in a society. For example structural realists believe that international politics is important to try to overcome problem relating with power, but classical realist contrast this idea seeing that is a product of human nature, post -war realist, Hans and Morgenthau argued that the nature of man is the necessary description of international politics such fear, competition and war can be explained and also argued that, the most important aspect to consider is that festive people have to recognize that laws exist and think the most right polices that are regular with the basic fact that human beings are flawed creatures . The structural realists are more focus to the international anarchy. According to John Herz discussed that international anarchy guarantees the centrality of power; structural realism can be called also neo-realists. The biological realist focus more in human nature, in this theory is more evident that people are product of nature in action. Realist are considered more aggressive in foreign policy, they have always missing credibility for example Morgenthau went against the US war in the Vietnam to the point of rational understanding of national interest. Another good example is the US invasion war in Iraq; I would illustrate this as realisms council against the use of force. Realists in 1990 said, that Saddam Hussein in Iraq war proves that war and use of force represent dangers to the population and country. The liberal came with a different definition against the realists views of the Iraq situation or problems. They have seen the Middle East politics as exception. The liberal also argued that the world is moving towards the anarchy of sovereign state system. These contradictory ideas on the nature of global politics and how it is change will not rapidly be accepted. The realists stress permanence; the liberals stress change. Both claim the high ground of realism with a small. Liberals have a tendency to see realists as cynics whose interest with the past blinds them to change. Realists, in turn, call the liberals utopian dreamers. Liberals also argue that economic power has replaced military power as the central medium of international politics, this is greatly overstated. Security is like oxygen. It is often taken for granted when it is present, but you will think about nothing else once you begin to miss it. Realists rightly argue that economic instrument still cannot compete with military forces in their coercive and deterrent effects. Economic sanctions by the United Nations compelled neither Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait in 1990 according to Nye and Joseph. (Nye, Joseph S.1997, pg 55, 20 190) Hoffman argued that the core of liberalism continues is self-discipline, moderation, cooperation and peace where the real meaning of international politics is exactly the opposite troubled peace, at best or the state war. For example there was a brief resurgence of liberal sentiment at the end of the Second World War with the birth of the United Nations, although this beacon of hope was soon extinguished by the return of cold war. After 9/11, the US government has gain more power over the people, and they have consolidated their power to act against terror, and the states that help and give support to terrorist activities. Realism is more persuasive than liberalism because it as a realistic explanation of dynamics of the political world in the realist live and the name represents almost an unfair advantage in terms of student initial reaction to it. However, realism should be regarded just as name for an exacting way of opinion about the world; a label which is understood to imply certain basic assumptions. According to Steans and Pittsford argued also that, realists are malicious to the people, realists are necessarily heartless people who do not worry about malnourishment, authoritarianism and rainforests as long as the global system persists and conflict are unspoken and perhaps limited or controlled as much as possible.( Steans and Patti ford, 2001, pg 42). Rationality provides the final strategy to save realism as a general theory of international relation. For example, Kydd claims that the fundamental assumption behind realism is that states can be helpfully idea of as unitary rational actors substitute strategically under anarchy (1997: 120). Numerous others realists also appeal to what Robert Keohane calls the reason assumption: world politics can be seen as if states were unitary rational actors. Morgenthau argued that state act, as they must, in view of their interests as they see them (1962a:278). The issue is how they see them. Interests become interesting only when they acquire substance which is provided not by calculating, instrumental reason but by the passions (interests, desires). Realism is distinguished from other theories not by the rationality assumption, but by its substantive specifications of the interests of states leaders, and citizens. (Donnelly Jack, 2000, pg 64, 65).

Australia And Asia Essay -- essays research papers

This essay analyses the Australian-China bilateral relationship since 1945 and in particular its political significance to Australia. Many global factors have influenced this relationship, including the advent of the Cold War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the collapse of the Soviet bloc European nations. In addition, internal political changes in Australia and China have both affected and been affected by the global changes. It will be analysed that Australia’s bilateral relationship with China has always had a sharp political edge but that approaching the new millenium economics and trade considerations are shaping Australias and for that matter Chinese politics. A central feature of the Government's approach to foreign and trade policy is the importance it attaches to strengthening bilateral relationships. Bilateral relationships are not an alternative to regional and multilateral efforts. Indeed, bilateral, regional and multilateral efforts are mutually supportive. When Australia works closely with another country on a global initiative, such as the conclusion of the Chemical Weapons Convention, it strengthens the bilateral relationship with that country. Similarly, cooperation within APEC helps to consolidate Australia's relations with individual APEC economies. In this way, multilateral and regional efforts feed back into, and broaden, bilateral relationships (Aggarwal 1998). In the Cold War years of the late 1940’s and lasting well into the proceeding four decades (Vadney 1998) Australian government policy towards China after the Chinese communist birth in 1949, was virtually achieved by an overriding commitment to anti-communism. Australias participation in the Korean War and later the Vietnam War meant that in a very real sense China (which gave direct tangible support to both the North Koreans and the North Vietnamese) was Australias enemy (Vadney 1998). Not surprisingly during this period there was a substantial body of public opinion which, either because of initiation at Australias involvement in both the Korean and Vietnam War’s, was because of interest in developing closer ties with China in economic and humanitarian grounds, was influencing the political orientation of the Australian government. The election of the Whitlam Labor government in 1972 saw the emergence of an explicit â€Å"recognition of China policy† and although this gov... ...est trading partner, and Australia as China's eleventh largest bilateral trading partner. Australian investment in China has expanded in recent years, and Australian firms have established a significant and growing presence. The Australian government has been working to advance these interests by improving market access to China. On 31 May 1999 Mr. Fischer, the then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, announced that, during his visit to China, Australia had reached in-principle bilateral agreement on key market access issues relating the China's accession to the WTO (Aggarwal 1998). The evidence is clear, Australias political appraisal at Chinese communism has changed dramatically since 1945. From an ally in World War 2, to an enemy in Korea and Vietnam and from an ideological assessment of â€Å"marauding yellow hordes† ready to invade Australias shores to a friendly regional Nation (partner almost) in the universal drive for economic growth and superiority. This bilateral relationship appears to have subsumed political differences and may well be ushering in a period or international economic and trading conglomerates encompassing hitherto sworn political adversaries.

Liechtenstein :: History Europe Essays

The history of Liechtenstein, combined with its form of government, a constitutional hereditary monarchy can explain its geographic size. It was one of the several principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, which has survived to this day. Because it retained its royal family, political support is high. Its royal family brings a sense of individualism and national pride to a small nation which otherwise would have little reason for being sovereign. Introduction Liechtenstein's current position has been largely shaped by its history and geography. From a Roman outpost to a principality under the Holy Roman Empire, to a hereditary constitutional monarchy, this small state has been affected by the changing of its sovereigns, which had been primarily based on its geographical location along the upper Rhine. This tiny principality has reacted to its history and geography. The prince is a very important part of national identity. It is something which sets the Liechtensteiners apart from its neighbors. Even though Liechtenstein depends on Switzerland for most of its needs, Liechtenstein's constitutional monarchy is an area of loyalty. Explanation of the Applicable National Standards for Geography This paper contains several applicable national standards for geography. Liechtenstein's position in the Alps and on the Rhine apply to analyzing the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earth's surface. Because of the modern trend of globalization, and consolidation, many people have never heard of Liechtenstein. This applies to how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. Liechtenstein's diminutive size can be applied in using geography to interpret the past, to interpret the present, and plan for the future. History of Liechtenstein From Earliest Times to Holy Roman Empire Liechtenstein has had an extensive past. Sovereignty has changed hands several times, but the nation now known as The Principality of Liechtenstein has been in full existence since 1866 (1). Scholars have found that there was a settlement there in the Neolithic age. Later, starting in 800 BC the Rhaetians began to colonize the area. In 15 BC the Romans conquered the area, and later set up Schaan Castle to protect the alpine passes from attacks from the Germanic peoples (1). Its position on the Rhine and close to the Danube was close to the borders of the Roman Empire.

Benjamin Franklin Essay examples -- essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was a remarkably talented man. He started his career as a simple printer apprentice, but went far beyond the printers shop. He developed products that were far beyond the time. The Franklin stove for example, for cold winter nights and bifocal lenses for reading. Franklin tracked storm paths to help understand the wicked weather endured by the colonies. His study of electricity made him most famous for he was known around the world as the inventor of the lightning rod. Not only was Ben Franklin helpful in developing ideas for better living, he was also a strong force in developing the new nation of America. Benjamin Franklin's political views showed him to be a man who loved freedom and self-government. His views towards Britain gradually changed from favor to disfavor until he finally became a revolutionist at the age of 70. But more than just his political views help in the formation of the United States. His common sense, his whit, and his ability to negotiate behind the scenes, all lent a hand in the formation of the new country across the sea. Franklin's good humor and gift for compromise often helped prevent bitter disputes which could have stalled the formation of the new government. Interestingly, Ben Franklin, who was a chief participant in the battle for independence, â€Å"had a lot to lose by it.† (Wright 1986, page 204). He had a residence in London and was influential in England. However, his love of liberty and his desire to promote the well being of Pennsylvania pushed him toward independence for the colonies. Franklin had to wrestle with his conscience over his own private affairs. Also, since he was well respected in England, he was "the Establishment man-even if he felt now a deep unease on the basic question: What was the authority of Parliament over the American colonies?" (Wright, page 205). At first Franklin wanted the colonies to be and independent free nation under the caring and protecting umbrella of the British Empire. "He had dream...of a great British Empire, gridding the globe, based upon a commonwealth of free nations, each with its own laws, its own government and freedoms, but bound together by compact with the Crown for mutual benefit, mutual defense, and the propagation of English freedoms." (Schoenbrun 1976, p... ...ive impact favoring the colonist, it became more and more impossible for Britain to give the war its full attention. Britain needed a way out and Franklin played a key role. "Franklin was appointed in 1781 a commissioner to negoiate the peace with Britain." (Ketcham 1994, page 1). Franklin was a very good negotiator as "the North Ministry pushed through Parliament two conciliatory bills that gave the Americans everything that Franklin had demanded in his peace negoiations." (Fleming 1972, page 299). Franklin had common sense, whit, and skills that all helped bring favorable positions to the colonies against Britain. Finally, Benjamin Franklin portrays a man torn between his love of Britain and a desire for liberty for the people of the new world. His greatest hope was for Britain to be the great, caring mother country that protected a young free nation across the sea. He was each country benefiting the other. Of course, this could not happen so he made sure that the best for America would be insured through his efforts to bring France to the aid of the Colonies and to finally bring about a livable peace between Britain and America. Benjamin Franklin Essay examples -- essays research papers Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was a remarkably talented man. He started his career as a simple printer apprentice, but went far beyond the printers shop. He developed products that were far beyond the time. The Franklin stove for example, for cold winter nights and bifocal lenses for reading. Franklin tracked storm paths to help understand the wicked weather endured by the colonies. His study of electricity made him most famous for he was known around the world as the inventor of the lightning rod. Not only was Ben Franklin helpful in developing ideas for better living, he was also a strong force in developing the new nation of America. Benjamin Franklin's political views showed him to be a man who loved freedom and self-government. His views towards Britain gradually changed from favor to disfavor until he finally became a revolutionist at the age of 70. But more than just his political views help in the formation of the United States. His common sense, his whit, and his ability to negotiate behind the scenes, all lent a hand in the formation of the new country across the sea. Franklin's good humor and gift for compromise often helped prevent bitter disputes which could have stalled the formation of the new government. Interestingly, Ben Franklin, who was a chief participant in the battle for independence, â€Å"had a lot to lose by it.† (Wright 1986, page 204). He had a residence in London and was influential in England. However, his love of liberty and his desire to promote the well being of Pennsylvania pushed him toward independence for the colonies. Franklin had to wrestle with his conscience over his own private affairs. Also, since he was well respected in England, he was "the Establishment man-even if he felt now a deep unease on the basic question: What was the authority of Parliament over the American colonies?" (Wright, page 205). At first Franklin wanted the colonies to be and independent free nation under the caring and protecting umbrella of the British Empire. "He had dream...of a great British Empire, gridding the globe, based upon a commonwealth of free nations, each with its own laws, its own government and freedoms, but bound together by compact with the Crown for mutual benefit, mutual defense, and the propagation of English freedoms." (Schoenbrun 1976, p... ...ive impact favoring the colonist, it became more and more impossible for Britain to give the war its full attention. Britain needed a way out and Franklin played a key role. "Franklin was appointed in 1781 a commissioner to negoiate the peace with Britain." (Ketcham 1994, page 1). Franklin was a very good negotiator as "the North Ministry pushed through Parliament two conciliatory bills that gave the Americans everything that Franklin had demanded in his peace negoiations." (Fleming 1972, page 299). Franklin had common sense, whit, and skills that all helped bring favorable positions to the colonies against Britain. Finally, Benjamin Franklin portrays a man torn between his love of Britain and a desire for liberty for the people of the new world. His greatest hope was for Britain to be the great, caring mother country that protected a young free nation across the sea. He was each country benefiting the other. Of course, this could not happen so he made sure that the best for America would be insured through his efforts to bring France to the aid of the Colonies and to finally bring about a livable peace between Britain and America.